Clinical Significance of Biomarkers in Oncology and its Application in Advanced Biosensing technology- A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

cancer is the second lethal cause of human death globally and based on published literatures, approximately 9.6 million deaths accounted in 2018.1 There are several major causes of cancers: which includes, tobacco and alcohol consumption, poor hygiene less fibrous diet, lack of physical activity or some chronic infections caused by Helicobacter pylori, Human papilloma virus (HPV), Hepatitis B and C virus and Epstein-Barr virus etc.2-5According to World Health Organization report, (WHO, 12 September 2018) the most common cancers are lung, breast, colorectal, prostate, skin (non-melanoma) and stomach cancer. Aging and poor hygienic condition causes formation of free radical leading to oxidative damage to mature cells. Formation of free radicals are responsible for genomic alteration and attenuates age related oxidative damage repair mechanism in our body by suppressing different cytokines and other immunomodulaents; which is closely related to progression of different kind of cancers.6 Apart from that, different other causative mechanisms; i.e., microbial attack in host cells, viral infection, cell necrosis caused by radiations also contributes mutation in specific cells employed in the pathogenesis of different types of cancers. Among the Different therapeutic modalities of cancer, surgery has been proved to be most effective globally, before metastatic stage.7